![]() ![]() Restlessness, irritability, headache and body aches, tremors, nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal painĪll side effects of morphine but about twice as addictive as morphine Side effects include nausea, vomiting, tolerance, and addiction. Slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance The chemical makeup of opioids is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the body’s “natural pain reducers.” ![]() Sluggishness, slowed speech, drowsiness, in severe cases, coma or death Impaired judgment, loss of coordination, dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness Possible dependence, accompanied by severe “crash” with depression as drug effects wear off, particularly if smoked or injectedĭepressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation.Ĭalming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate and respiration Has major negative health effects if smoked or chewed Stimulants block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. Table 5.1 Psychoactive Drugs by Class Mechanism Some psychoactive drugs are agonists, which mimic the operation of a neurotransmitter some are antagonists, which block the action of a neurotransmitter and some work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse. Psychoactive drugs affect consciousness by influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). As you can see in Table 5.1 “Psychoactive Drugs by Class”, the four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. ![]() Psychoactive drugs are also frequently prescribed as sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and antianxiety medications, and they may be taken, illegally, for recreational purposes. These drugs are commonly found in everyday foods and beverages, including chocolate, coffee, and soft drinks, as well as in alcohol and in over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin, Tylenol, and cold and cough medication. Review the evidence regarding the dangers of recreational drugs.Ī psychoactive drug is a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods.Summarize the major psychoactive drugs and their influences on consciousness and behavior. ![]()
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